Then a head guard that is mentioned to watch Christ and over see all. Five guards or soldiers. See Joshua 10 and the five kings. FYI By Xeroxing the 4 accounts you can lay them out and see all better. So we use wisdom and are open if any archeological or verified historic sources come to light as to the type of instrument on which Jesus was crucified.
In Christian thought the primary fact is that He was crucified for our sins and that by fully believing on His substitutionary sacrifice we are saved. In addition, the … oldest depiction of a crucifixion … was uncovered by archaeologists more than a century ago on the Palatine Hill in Rome.
It is a second-century graffiti scratched into a wall that was part of the imperial palace complex. It includes a caption — not by a Christian, but by someone taunting and deriding Christians and the crucifixions they underwent.
Bower, Jr: Cross or Torture Stake? This remains a questionable article. It implies that many positions and ways of being crucified were applied to the victims.
The crucified man remains studied by V. Tzaferis were thought by some, at the time of the finding, to be the body of Jesus Christ Himself. Beware of biases, dear readers.
One should note that the romans were aware of ergonomic principles and would expend energy in the most efficient way. What we consider un-roman now could have been Roman then. Modernism has changed ancient ways of doing things. Ergonomic principles helps to now know how easy to work without must stress but then they had peculiar ways of doing things. System of governance has changed and that includes the Romans. Their prisons outlook, military formation, etc. My point, they would only have applied their best known methods at the time even if it involves rigorous tasks.
The condemned could have gone nailed to the cross alive and allowed to die slowly; since it was their form of capital punishment. The argument for the shape of the cross from the Greek word stauros is simply misguided.
The use of the noun and the related verb to name the form of execution predates the Roman period, reflecting the Persian period method of nailing someone to a post to die. If the Romans innovated on this by using a T-shaped frame to make the victim even more of a human billboard warning against criminal activity, we should not expect the Greeks to suddenly change their established vocabulary. Tying here, nailing there, varying the positions. I know Josephus describes an ongoing scene of mass crucifixion as the setting for his note about Roman creativity, but the extreme innovations no doubt practiced there to elicit the comment is, I take it, a token of the more modest innovations practiced routinely by the military.
If it bent hitting a knot, it could not be extracted from the cross without great resistance, which would have resulted in the nail being much straighter than as found. It likely bent when someone attempted to initiate the removal of the nail, after the man was removed from the cross, by hitting it first on the pointed end — but inadvertently bent it.
If you drive a 6 inch nail into a 2 by 4 piece of wood, the easiest way of extracting it would be to first hit it on the pointed end to overcome resistance in taking it out. However, if your hammer blows are not accurate, the the nail will bend much like the nail shown in the archeological photos of the crucified man. The most important thing is He lives.
He rose on the third day, and makes intercession for his followers to the Father. And one day soon He will come again, but not as the Lamb this time but the Lion of Judah, and He will vanquish those who would make war with Him. Also Death by crucifixion on just a plain Crux Simplex would have been quicker. If the Victims feet were not impeded in anyway, the victim could lift himself up howbeit briefly. But the most that they could last would be an hour.
In other words Jesus would NOT have lasted six hours nailed to a single pole. Has anyone seen the painting of the man on a stake in the ceiling of the catacomb underneath Rome?
I wish I had a photo of it as it shows a 3rd century painting dying on a post not on a cross. There is also a statue in the Louvre with a man in the same position with his arms upright not spread out as is common in other statues. I thought it was interesting.
Though the actual appearance of the device upon which Christ died probably does not matter as much as some may think, several things suggest to me that the device was a tau cross. It has been said that a picture is worth a thousand words, and first century pictures may speak volumes to this question. Another issue is practicality. A stipe permanently in place upon which the cross-piece along with the individual being crucified is lifted, is a much more practical and efficient means and method.
The Romans, being, if nothing else, efficient, would have certainly developed the most practical, efficient means of dispatching their convicted criminals or slaves that began annoying them.
And, though some discount tradition as balderdash, there is something to be said for the early Christian tradition indicating that Jesus was executed on a cross shaped device of execution. It seems reasonable that the oral tradition of the earliest believers would have maintained at least the shape of the instrument of the death of their Lord. But I have experienced the saving power of Jesus in my own life, and know that He died for me, whatever the shape of the execution device.
The image has a human on a cross not a pole with a donkey head. John reads. As recipient of BA in psychology in the capitol many years ago, I still marvel at these societies in history using such graphic displays of what they perceive as punishment for transgressions. Makes me feel that the perpetrators are totally insecure with conflict of values and use such means as they feel necessary.
Insecure Romans? I guess so. Where are they today? It is interesting indeed to think about how this particular man was executed, but we also remember the testimony of Josephus that, during the siege of Jerusalem, the Romans exercised their ingenuity in crucifying people in a wide variety of positions just to break the boredom for the numbers they were attaching to crosses. There was probably at least SOME variety in method throughout the period.
The testimony of the wounds in the Fourth Gospel postdates the events by at most seventy years. And those who handed on the tradition inscripted in the Fourth Gospel certainly had plenty of opportunities to see actual crucifixions e. For certain Christ was nailed to the tree, whatever the form. This is very bad hermeneutics and poorer historical regards for the text of the Bible. Learn some Hebrew. Some Chrisitian apologists say that the Yud in lion should have been a VaV but was shortened by scribal error.
Hence the word would be pierced but omit the fact that their is no Aleph if your looking to define it as pierced nor an the requisite Ayin which is part of the word pierced. He sent one of his perfect spirit sons to the earth. But Jehovah did not send just any spirit creature. He sent the one most precious to him, his only-begotten Son. Read 1 John , Willingly, this Son left his heavenly home. Jehovah performed a miracle when he transferred the life of this Son to the womb of Mary.
How could one man serve as a ransom for many, in fact, millions of humans? Well, how did humans numbering into the millions come to be sinners in the first place? Recall that by sinning, Adam lost the precious possession of perfect human life. Hence, he could not pass it on to his offspring. Instead, he could pass on only sin and death.
There may have been many different methods of this execution depending upon how readily available wood was, how many men were carrying out the sentence, who the condemned was. We now know this would never have held up and more than likely the nails were applied through the radii or arm bones. Throughout history different types of crosses have been used for crucifixions. The type used to hang Jesus on is irrelevant.
That He was crucified for the sins of the world says it all. Everything written with relation to the crucifixion is unreliable. No one was taking notes, and no one foresaw that a world religion would spring from the followers of the victim, therefore everything is anecdotal. Did he say this is going to be the first, second, or third century, after Christ?
How would he determine from where to start and when exactly Jesus had died, unless the Romans were keeping records of every terrorist they executed, which I doubt, I would imagine that they would have been treated as non existent, in a way that the Japanese treated the soldiers who were not officer class. I think is was many centuries later that someone had an idea to start the ball rolling.
The whole business of religion is born from the desires and beliefs and ambitions of human beings, there is nothing supernatural about it. The whole Christian concept is Pauline.
In Jerusalem, women would offer the condemned a pain-relieving drink, usually of wine and myrrh or incense. Then, the victim would be tied or nailed to the patibulum. After that, the patibulum was lifted and affixed to the upright post of the cross, and the feet would be tied or nailed to it.
While the victim awaited death, soldiers would commonly divide up the victim's clothes among themselves. But death didn't always come quickly; it took anywhere from three hours to four days to expire, the professors wrote.
Sometimes, the process was sped up by additional physical abuse from the Roman soldiers. When the person died, family members could collect and bury the body, once they received permission from a Roman judge.
Otherwise, the corpse was left on the cross, where predatory animals and birds would devour it. To investigate crucifixion without actually killing anybody , German researchers tied volunteers by their wrists to a cross and then monitored their respiratory and cardiovascular activity in the s.
Within 6 minutes, the volunteers had trouble breathing, their pulse rates had doubled, and their blood pressure had plummeted, according to the study in the journal Berlin Medicine Berliner Medizin. The experiment had to be stopped after about 30 minutes, because of wrist pain.
Once the legs gave out, the weight would be transferred to the arms, gradually dragging the shoulders from their sockets. The elbows and wrists would follow a few minutes later; by now, the arms would be six or seven inches longer. The victim would have no choice but to bear his weight on his chest. He would immediately have trouble breathing as the weight caused the rib cage to lift up and force him into an almost perpetual state of inhalation. Suffocation would usually follow, but the relief of death could also arrive in other ways.
Another very early image of the crucifixion is found carved into the face of a carnelian gemstone made into a ring. Scholars think that the Constanza gemstone, as it is known, dates from the fourth century CE. Those who have seen the film The Passion of the Christ will recall how much time the director, Mel Gibson, devoted just to the act of nailing Jesus onto the cross —- almost five whole minutes.
Given the relative silence on the act of crucifixion in the Gospels, this stands out as a graphic expansion. Eventually, Emperor Constantine put an end to crucifixion as a method of execution, not for ethical reasons, but out of respect for Jesus. But in the end, it is the enduring image of the cross, and not the matter of whether nails or ropes were used, that most firmly evokes the death of Jesus in art and tradition.
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