The major problem was linking all the components of the circuits together. Robert formulated a better way to connect all the components in a single crystal wafer, thus making a true integrated circuit possible.
This facilitated mass production. Long ago, a single computer occupied the entire space of a large room. This was only because of the vacuum tubes that were employed in the device. Later the vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors. The much sophisticated computerized society that we live in today is the result of the integrated circuits.
Only when the bulky transistors were replaced with ICs, the smallest computers were made possible. One of the advantages of the integrated circuits is that they are highly reliable as well as smaller and inexpensive.
This makes its range of applications wider too. Thanks keep on this type of tracks. Regsrds sr from Mauritius. Someone might want to consider changing what Mr. Kilby was doing in his laboratory. Inculate defined here.. History of Electronics. Author jojo. Invention History of Television December 12, The Invention Story of Barcodes December 11, Very nice…i like it..
Life 8 years ago. Very nice article. Aided by technicians Pat Harbrecht and Tom Yeargan, he connected the separate elements into an oscillator circuit using fine gold wires. One week later they produced an amplifier. This was not a practical production technique and only a few dozen solid circuits were ever shipped to customers for evaluation.
Air Force. Based on the ideas of MIT professor Arthur von Hippel, this concept emerged many years later in the form of nanotechnology but in the near term led to a series of integrated analog circuits known as Functional Electronic Blocks FEBs.
In , John D. Husher at the Youngwood, PA facility cut grooves across the surface of power transistor chips to create islands of discrete component elements that he connected with flying wires into FEBs such as audio amplifiers, detectors, and filters. Even so, in that same month Robert Noyce took time out to document on page 46 of his patent notebook an idea for interconnecting multiple diodes on a single wafer to fabricate an integrated function table.
They produced the first planar integrated circuit, a 4 transistor, 5 resistor flip-flop in May All major semiconductor manufacturers licensed resulting Fairchild patents and converted their circuit design activities to the planar process that continues to underlie the billion transistor chips of today. Fairchild and TI engaged in litigation over the patents for many years. Kilby and Noyce both received the National Medal of Science in and today are celebrated as co-inventors of the integrated circuit.
It was an idea whose time had come and the technology had developed to a point where it was viable. References to these papers and other resources are listed below. History of the Integrated Circuit Includes: Invention of the integrated circuit More semiconductor history History of semiconductor technology development PN junction diode invention Transistor history The history of the integrated circuit is one of the most important stories within the electronics arena.
It lead onto other developments like the invention of the microprocessor and more. The invention of the integrated circuit arose out of the need for more reliable and easy methods for the manufacture of electronic equipment as well as the need for much smaller assemblies.
Although the inventors of the integrated circuit are generally accepted to be Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce, many other engineers and scientists were involved in supporting these inventions and setting in place the foundation stones.
Indeed, there has long been discussion regarding who should be given the honour of being credited with the invention of the integrated circuit.
With the transistor well established, people soon started to wonder if several electronic components could be placed on the same piece of semiconductor. If this could be accomplished then considerable improvements in performance and reliability would be obtained in addition to reductions in size. One of the main driving forces in the history of the integrated circuit, IC came out of the need for improved military equipment. The Second World War had conclusively proved the value of electronics beyond all doubt.
Radar had been an outstanding success, and many other new uses had been found for electronic equipment. One of these was an early computer called Colossus which was developed by the British to help decipher German encrypted messages.
It contained over valves or vacuum tubes and a host of other electronic components. It also generated a phenomenal amount of heat. It was the most complicated piece of electronic circuit design of the time and it proved to be phenomenally successful although somewhat unreliable. As electronic equipment became more sophisticated and complicated a number of problems arose.
Firstly the physical size grew. This was a particular disadvantage for aircraft where size and weight were very important. The sheer number of electronic components needed increased the weight of many electronic circuit designs and this limited the complexity of equipment which could be carried in aircraft. The second disadvantage was even more important. As the complexity of the electronic circuit designs grew, so the reliability fell. It often fell to a point where it was being maintained for longer than it was in use.
Some of these problems were solved to a degree by the use of new construction techniques. Smaller valves enabled the size of equipment to be reduced a little, as did the introduction of printed circuit boards. However the main advantage brought about by the introduction of printed circuit boards was an increase in reliability. Despite these improvements the basic problems were not solved. Reliability was still too low, and the equipment too large.
Then in the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear bomb. The USA saw this as a great threat. With existing technology the USA would not be able to detect this until it was too late.
Better methods of detecting possible threats were needed, and this required more complicated electronics. One of the first major attempts to solve the problems of size and reliability was started in when the U. Government funded a study. Code named Tinkertoy, it investigated a number of possibilities, many of which are in standard use today. Within Tinkertoy, double sided and even multi-layer printed circuit boards were developed.
Also techniques for making plated through holes on a printed circuit board were developed. Whilst the transistor may have seemed an obvious candidate for inclusion in the project, it was not used because the technology was very new and unreliable at the time. Other developments and ideas laying the foundations for the invention of the integrated circuit were beginning to be set in place.
Across the Atlantic in England, Dr G Drummer from the Royal Radar Establishment proposed the idea of building an electronic circuit design as a solid block without any interconnecting wires. However this was more of a vision of the future because there were no practical ideas to support it. Nevertheless it was a remarkably accurate prediction of what the future might hold.
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