How does aerobic exercise affect the heart




















As you begin to exercise, your heart will contract faster and circulation will increase, which gets oxygenated blood to your muscles quicker. As the demand for blood increases, the heart is going to try to meet the demand by increasing the heart rate and also by increasing the force at which it contracts.

The increase in oxygen delivery is twofold: your heart will have more beats per minute, and a more forceful contraction each time it beats so it can pump a greater amount of blood throughout the body. Exercise has long-term cardiovascular benefits.

These include decreased resting heart rate, improved ability to draw in deeper breaths, reduced resting blood pressure, increased calories burned to aid weight loss and reduced risk of heart disease. These cardiovascular benefits help manage cholesterol; exercise can l raise HDL good cholesterol. Exercise and diet can lead to weight loss which will help lower LDL bad cholesterol.

Exercise can help you sustain a healthy weight because it burns calories and raises your heart rate. Maintaining a healthy weight through diet, avoiding high- fat foods and making physical activity a part of your lifestyle are important steps to keeping a healthy heart. Learn more about heart and vascular services at Edward-Elmhurst Health. Read More. If you have reached this screen, your current device or browser is unable to access the full Edward-Elmhurst Health Web site.

To see the full site, please upgrade your browser to the most recent version of Safari, Chrome, Firefox or Internet Explorer. If you cannot upgrade your browser, you can remain on this site. Back to Healthy Driven Blog Home. However, the question remains as to how much exercise is optimal for cardiovascular health benefit. Studies in endurance runners show that the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events in marathoners is equivalent to that in a population with established CHD, suggesting that too much exercise may be detrimental An upper limit for the cardiovascular benefits of exercise is further supported by a recent study showing that individuals who completed at least 25 marathons over a period of 25 years have higher than expected levels of coronary artery calcification CAC and calcified coronary plaque volume when compared with sedentary individuals In contrast, other studies report greater plaque stability due to calcification in exercisers, thus indicating that with higher levels of physical activity, plaque quality may be favorably impacted to lower the risk of cardiovascular events, despite a higher incidence of plaques and normal CAC scores , Nevertheless, as with other effects of exercise, the shape of the dose-response curve remains obscure and it is not clear at what levels of intensity and duration the effects of exercise begin to taper and where they start to become detrimental.

It is also unknown how this threshold of transition from benefit to harm is affected by personal demographic features such as age, sex, ethnicity, and baseline CVD risk. Other remaining questions are: can initiation of regular exercise, later in life, reverse the consequences of lifestyle choices made during earlier years of life e. Yet, perhaps the most important questions relate to the mechanisms by which exercise imparts it remarkable benefits to cardiovascular health.

Indeed exercise has pervasive effects on immune cells—natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, regulatory T cells, as well as the balance of T-cell types are all affected by exercise and it promotes a healthy anti-inflammatory milieu Nevertheless, how exercise affects inflammation and immunity and how these changes could account for the salubrious effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk and mortality are important questions that require additional careful investigations. Additional work is also required to assess how nutrition affects exercise capacity as well as the cardiovascular benefits of exercise and how exercise affects the gut and the microbiome , Such work is essential and important not only for a basic understanding of the mechanisms of exercise-induced protection, but also for developing more effective exercise regimens, testing the efficacy of combined treatments involving exercise and dietary supplements, and for devising appropriate pharmacological interventions for those who would not or cannot exercise.

Overview of major cardiovascular effects of exercise. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Front Cardiovasc Med v. Front Cardiovasc Med. Published online Sep Matthew A.

Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Reviewed by: Abbi D. Nystoriak ude. This article was submitted to Cardiovascular Metabolism, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. Received Jun 14; Accepted Sep 7. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice.

No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract It is widely accepted that regular physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health. Keywords: physical activity, endothelium, blood flow, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease.

Introduction Cardiovascular disease CVD is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Plasma lipids and atherogenesis Given the centrality of plasma lipids as key determinants of CVD risk, many studies have tested whether regular engagement in physical activity may lower CVD risk by affecting the levels of circulating lipoproteins.

Insulin sensitivity The association between blood lipids and cardiovascular health is highly influenced by systemic insulin sensitivity, and resistance to insulin signaling is known to promote the development of heart disease, in part by altering the blood lipid profile Blood pressure During exercise, increases in cardiac stroke volume and heart rate raise cardiac output, which coupled with a transient increase in systemic vascular resistance, elevate mean arterial blood pressure Cardiac adaptations During exercise, the heart is subjected to intermittent hemodynamic stresses of pressure overload, volume overload, or both.

Blood and vasculature The oxygen carrying capacity of blood, determined by the number of circulating erythrocytes and their associated intracellular hemoglobin concentration, is an important determinant of exercise performance and resistance to fatigue Concluding remarks and remaining questions to be addressed Despite the extensive body of knowledge documenting the unequivocal health benefits of exercise, a vast majority of Americans do not engage in sufficient physical activity Open in a separate window.

Figure 1. Author contributions All authors listed have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work, and approved it for publication. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Footnotes Funding. References 1. CDC N Heart disease and stroke statistics update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation :e— Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality.

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Circulation —8. Exercise training reduces neointimal growth and stabilizes vascular lesions developing after injury in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Physical inactivity increases oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. Regular exercise training prevents aortic valve disease in low-density lipoprotein-receptor-deficient mice.

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